What is infinity, anyway?

At this post from A Dialogue on Infinity, Alexandre Borovik writes about an experiment that one of his teachers tried once, in which the calculus teacher at his boarding school tried to build all of calculus in terms of finite elements. The logic here is basically the following: the main use of calculus is to solve differential equations. The differential equations basically come from approximating some discrete calculation as a continuous one. (The example that comes to mind for me is the way in which the equation of the catenary, the shape that a chain hangs in if it's only under the influence of gravity, is usually derived; see, for example, this page, which asks us to "Consider the equilibrium of the short length of chain subtending a distance dx on the x-axis." And then if you're reduced to solving a differential equation numerically (a common state of affairs), this is basically done by this same sort of finite element analysis -- Euler's method and the like.

I'd be interested to see how that worked.

But on the other hand, I'm not sure how valuable it is. Sometimes finite numbers are large enough that one doesn't want to deal with them as finite numbers, and one wants to make infinitesimal approximations. Basically, sums are hard, and integrals are easy. This is the insight behind the Euler-Maclaurin formula, which approximates sums by integrals and then lets you know how good the approximation is. It's hard to come up with the formula for the sum of the first n 8th powers; but do you really need the exact number, or do you just need to know it's about n⁹/9, which is what integration would tell you?

A commenter at an earlier post from the same blog wrote:

Your example from Computer Science reminds me of something often forgotten or overlooked in present-day discussions of infinite structures: that some of the motivation for the study of the infinite in mathematics in the 19th and early 20th centuries came from physics where (strange as it may seem to a modern mathematician or a computer scientist) the infinite was used as an approximation to the very-large-finite.

I didn't realize that historical point. But somehow that doesn't seem strange to me. This may mean I spent too much time hanging around physicists in my formative years.